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: : UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE IS UNTENABLE : : By reysing the experiment on Heisenberg Gamma-Ray Microscope and one of ideal experiment from which uncertainty principle is derived , it is found that actually uncertainty principle can't be obtained from these two ideal experiments . : Key words : : reysis; experiment on Heisenberg Gamma-Ray Microscope; ideal experiment , uncertainty principle : Ideal Experiment 1 ”²1”³ : Experiment on Heisenberg Gamma-Ray Microscope : A free electron sits directly beneath the center of the microscope's lens (see the picture above). The circular lens forms a cone of angle 2A from the electron. The electron is then illuminated from the left by gamma rays--high energy light which has the shortest wavelength. These yield the highest resolution, for according to a principle of wave optics, the microscope can resolve (that is, "see" or distinguish) objects to a size of Dx, which is related to and to the wavelength L of the gamma ray, by the expression: : Dx = L / (2sinA) (1) : However, in quantum mechanics, where a light wave can act like a particle, a gamma ray striking an electron gives it a kick. At the moment the light is diffracted by the electron into the microscope lens, the electron is thrust to the right. To be observed by the microscope, the gamma ray must be scattered into any angle within the cone of angle 2A. In quantum mechanics, the gamma ray carries momentum, as if it were a particle. The total momentum p is related to the wavelength by the formula : p = h / L, where h is Planck's constant. (2) : In the extreme case of diffraction of the gamma ray to the right edge of the lens, the total momentum in the x direction would be the sum of the electron's momentum p'x in the x direction and the gamma ray's momentum in the x direction: : p'x + (h sinA ) / L', where L' is the wavelength of the deflected gamma ray. : In the other extreme, the observed gamma ray recoils backward, just hitting the left edge of the lens. In this case, the total momentum in the x direction is: : p''x - (h sinA ) / L''. : The final x momentum in each case must equal the initial x momentum, since momentum is never lost (it is conserved). Therefore, the final x momenta are equal to each other: : p'x + (h sinA ) / L' = p''x - (h sinA ) / L'' (3) : If A is small, then the wavelengths are approximately the same, L' ~ L" ~ L. So we have : p''x - p'x = Dpx ~ 2h sinA / L (4) : Since Dx = L / (2 sinA ), we obtain a reciprocal relationship between the minimum uncertainty in the measured position, Dx, of the electron along the x axis and the uncertainty in its momentum, Dpx, in the x direction: : Dpx ~ h / Dx or Dpx Dx ~ h. (5) : For more than minimum uncertainty, the "greater than" sign may added. : Except for the factor of 4p and an equal sign, this is Heisenberg's uncertainty relation for the simultaneous measurement of the position and momentum of an object. : : Reysis : For the electron visible with microscope , photon quantum should be scattered to inside 2¦Ųangle . : Uncertainty of position measuring : Dx = L / (2 sinA ) (1) : Dx is a very small distance between the points on the object plane which can just only be seen by micorscope . It is the resolving limit of microscope . : Microscope can not see the object whose measurement is shorter than the resolving limit . : Therefore , for the ron visible with microscope , measurement of the electron must be longer than the resolving limit . : But if the measurement of the electron is longer than Dx(the resolving limit) , electron will not be in Dx range . Dx can't be deemed to be the uncertainty of position measuring of the electron which can be seen by microscope yet. Dx can be deemed to be the uncertainty of position measuring of the electron which can't be seen by microscope only. : What relates to Dx is the electron of which the measurement is shorter than the resolving limit .Electron is in Dx range that it can not be seen. : What relates to Dpx is the electron of which the measurement is longer than the resolving limit .Electron is not in Dx range that it can be seen. : Therefore , the electron which relate to Dx and Dpx respectively is not the same . : What we can see is the electron which have determinate position . : Although quantum mechanics does not relate to the measurement of object. But on the Experiment On Heisenberg Gamma-Ray Microscope,for the using of microscope must relate to the measurement of object, and that real object all has measurement,therefore the object which can be seen by microscope all have measurement, the measurement of the object which can be seen by microscope is all longer than the resolving limit of microscope Dx,thus does exist alleged uncertainty of position measuring of the electron Dx. : Thereout gained , what we can see is the electron which have determinate position . : Dx = 0 root in no other than two observed result of microscope :visible OR invisible.There does not exist the third result which visible AND invisible. . visible namely Dx = 0£¬invisible namely Dx ”µ0 ”£ : Because, for the electron visible with microscope , measurement of the electron must be longer than the resolving limit. what we can see is the electron which have determinate position. Dx = 0, so that only the uncertainty of position measuring of particle to be zero, namely Dx = 0£¬can just measure the momentum of particle. On the Experiment On Heisenberg Gamma-Ray Microscope,now that Dx = 0,that simply measure the momentum of particle,moreover the momentum of particle can be measured accurately when separatenessly measured£¬therefore we can gained Dpx = 0. : Therefore , : Dpx Dx =0. (6) : : Ideal experiment 2 ”²2”³ : Experiment on single slit diffraction : Supposing one "particle" moves in Y direction originally and then pes a slit with Dx width . So the indefinite quantity of the particle position in X direction is Dx (drawing 2) , and interference occurs at the back slit . According to Wave Optics , the angle where No.1 min of interference pattern is , can be calculated by following formula : : sin¦Į=L/2 Dx (1) : and : L=h/p (2) : So uncertainty principle obtained : Dpx Dx ~ h (5) : Reysis : According to Newton first law , if the external force at the X direction does not effect "particle" will keep the uniform rectilinear Motion State or Static State , and the motion at the Y direction unchangeable .Therefore , we can lead its position in the crevice form its starting point . : The particle can have the confirmed position in the crevice , and the uncertainty of the position Dx =0 . : Because the external force at the X direction does effect "particle" , and the original motion at the Y direction is unchangeable , the momentum of the "particle" at the X direction Px=0 , and the uncertainty of the momentum Dpx =0. : Get: Dpx Dx =0. (6) : If only we admit the microcosmic object having the uniform rectilinear motion state and static state, NEWTON FIRST LAW can be the same with the microcosmic world. : But the microcosmic world have the uniform rectilinear motion state and static state impossibility, so NEWTON FIRST LAW can be the same with the microcosmic world. : Under the above ideal experiment , it considered that slit width is exactly position uncertainty . But there is no reason for us to consider that the "particle" in experiment certainly have position uncertainty , and no reason for us to consider that the slit width is exactly position uncertainty .Therefore, : uncertainty principle : Dpx Dx ~ h (5) : which is derived from the above experiment is unreasonable . : : Concluson : From the above reysis , it is realized that the ideal experiment demonstration for uncertainty principle is untenable . : : Reference book : : ”²1”³ Max Jammer. (1974) The philosophy of quantum mechanics (John wiley & sons , Inc New York ) Page 65 : ”²2”³ Max Jammer. (1974) The philosophy of quantum mechanics (John wiley & sons , Inc New York ) Page 67 : : http://www.aip.org/history/heisenberg/p08b.htm : : Author : Gong Bing-Xin : address : P.O.Box A111 : YongFa XiaoQu : XinHua HuaDu : Guangzhou 510800 : P.R.China : E-mail : hdgbyi@public.guangzhou.gd.cn : : : Compton effect has negated Quantum Mechanics : In Compton effect, : before the collision, the electron rest at a dot, its momentum is zero. : after the collision, the electron move in a straight line, its speed is V. : It show that electron has certain orbit. : If the electron can not rest at a dot before the collision and the electron can not : move in a straight line in its V-speed after the collision, it is impossible to : gain Compton effect. : Compton effect is the important experimental gist in quantum : theory of light. : But Quantum Mechanics deem that particle is impossible to have certain : orbit. : About Compton effect please see relational textbook. : Aharonov-Bohm effect is concoctive : Please see the first figure of Aharonov-Bohm effect, : link to: : http://rugth30.phys.rug.nl/quantummechanics/ab.htm : Introduction : In classical mechanics the motion of a charged particle is not affected by the : presence of magnetic fields in regions from which the particle is excluded. : The motion of classical particles emitted by the source S is not affected by : the magnetic field B because the particles can not enter the region of space : where the magnetic field is present. For a quantum charged particle there can : be an observable phase shift in the interference pattern recorded at the : detector D. This phase shift results from the fact that although the magnetic : field is zero in the space accessible to the particle, the ociated vector : potential is not. The phase shift depends on the flux enclosed by the two : alternative sets of paths a and b. But the overall envelope of the diffraction : pattern is not displaced indicating that no classical magnetic force acts on : the particles. The Aharonov-Bohm effect demonstrates that the electromagnetic : potentials, rather than the electric and magnetic fields, are the fundamental : quantities in quantum mechanics. : Aharonov-Bohm effect is concoctive : In the Aharonov-Bohm effect, the phase shift depends on the Flux : enclosed by the two alternative sets of paths a and b. : the Flux enclosed by the two alternative sets of paths a and b : equal to the Flux which come out form the region of space B, : because the magnetic field is not present outside the region of space B. : The motion of classical particles emitted by the source S is not : affected by the magnetic field B because the particles can not enter : the region of space where the magnetic field is present. : But the Flux enclosed by the two alternative sets of paths a and b : is impossible to equal the Flux which come out form the region of space B. : Because the Line of Magnetic Force is a close curve. : It come out form the region of space which was enclosed by the two : alternative sets of paths a and b , and it must come into come out form the : region of space which was enclosed by the two alternative sets of paths a and b. : The region of space which was enclosed by the two alternative sets of : paths a and b is not the region of space B. : In the the region of space which was enclosed by the two alternative sets of paths a and b, : it has the line of Magnetic Force(Magnetic Flux) which come out form the region : of space B, : and it still has the Line of Magnetic Force(Magnetic Flux) which come into the : outside region of space B. : In the the region of space which was enclosed by the two alternative sets of paths a and b, : The Magnetic Flux which come into the outside region of space B cannot but counteract the : Magnetic Flux which come out form the region of space B. : Therefore the Flux enclosed by the two alternative sets of paths a and b : is impossible to equal the Flux which come out form the region of space B. : The Flux enclosed by the two alternative sets of paths a and b is equal to : the Flux of the region of space, it is not equal to the Flux which come out form the : region of space B, it still includes the Flux which come into the outside region of space B. : Aharonov-Bohm effect is full of prunes. : THE SINGLE PARTICLE DOES NOT HAVE WAVE LIKE BEHAVIOR : : Through the qualitative ysis of the experiment, it is pointed out that the : cognition of the wave like behavior of the particle is contracted with the result : of the experiment and the energymomentum conservation law, and it explain the : wave like behavior of the particle. : Short destriptive phrases: : Wavelike of the particle : the energy-momentum conservation law : THE EXPERIMENT OF THE MICROSCOPE : The particle which can not be seen by the microscope and the size of which is : smaller than the resolving limit, if it is agreed that the particle has wave like behavior, : can be seen by microscope when its de Broglie wave length larger than the resolving limit. : But this inference does not tally with the fact of the experiment. Microscope can only observe : the particle larger than the resolving limit. It does nothing with de Broglie length of the : particle. : YOUNG INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENT : PART I : If the single particle has the wave like behavior, it will create the interference image : when a particle has ped through crevices. The result of the experiment shows that a single : particle will only create a spot.Only when a large quantity of particle psss through the two : crevices, will there be the interference image. : PART II : In the Young interference experiment, the single particle is thought to go through the two : crevices and interfere with itself at the same time. It is considerd that a single particle : has the wave like behavior, the wave moving direction is the motion direction of the particle : If the particle pes through only a crevice, it can not be thought to have : the wave like behavior. But if through two crevices, things change. But at this time the : particle will have two direction of motion so it will have two wave moving direction. : PART III : In the Young interference experiment, close one of the crevice, and launch a particle to this : crevice, if the particle has wavelike behavior, it will have a certain probability to get to : the screen But this will break the law of conservation of the energy and momentum. : : THE EXPLANTION OF : THE WAVE LIKE BEHAVIOR : OF THE PARTICLE : In the young interference experiment, if one crevice is open, then some place the particle : can ge to. But two crevice are open, these places the particle can not get to oppositely .The : places of which the intensity is zero bring us a lot of puzzles of the image of the particle. : But when we consider the paticle may experience two or more times of reflection, then the : puzzles can be deleted. : Imaging when one of the crevices is closed, those that move towards this crevice can not reach : the screen by ping through this crevice, But they can through the crevice rebound to the : original place, then reflected by the original place can not get to when the two crevices are : open simultaneously because the particle has different way to move. Therefore, the intensity : is zero. and the wave like behavior of the particle can be interpreted in the particle category. : : THE TEST BY THE EXPERIMENT : The above interprets can be tested by experiment which can absorb all the particles moving : towards the closed crevice. The screen will appear the diffraction like stripes, but the : diffraction phenomenon is still suitable to the particle image. : : THE EXPLANATION TO : THE DAISSON AND GERMER'S EXPERIMENT : Davisson-Germer experiment was the one that proved the wave-like behavior of the particle. : It has always been considered that it proved the relationship between the particle's : momentum P and its de Broglie wave length was P=h/¦Ė. : However, because of the above ysis, we recognize the single particle will not have the : wave-like behavior but only the large quantity of the particle. To explain the : Davisson-Germer experiment, the relationship between the particle's de Broglie wave length : and its momentum should be np=nh/¦Ė, and 'n' represents the large quantity of : the particle. np=nh/¦Ėand p=h/¦Ė, are the same on the mathematics point, : so this can explain Davisson-Germer experiment quantiatively. : If the view of p=h/¦Ė is correct, that is the same with the consideration of the single : particle having the wave like behavior. Then it will lead to the contardiction of the result : of experiment and the conservarion law of the energy and momentum. : : The conclusion : The single particle will not have the behavior of wave like a large quantity of particles : attribute their wave like behavior to their starting .piont and motion route. : The success of quantum mechanics is by coincidence, because the amount of probability in : one single particle and the amount of particles among the large quantity reaching the : screen is equal in mathematics and physics.

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